格列夫游记英文PPT.ppt 15页

DevelopmentbycomparisonandcontrastBygroup1 Whenwecompareonethingwithanother,weshowthesimilarities;whenwecontrastonethingwithanotherweshowdissimilarities.Thatisthedifferencebetweencomparisonandcontrast. Sample1Whysomanygraduatesgravitateintobusinessinsteadofintoteaching?Partofthereasonistheeverwideningpaygapbetweenthesetwoprofessions,asecretary,anofficeclerkorabankemployeecanearnmonthlyincomeashighasRMB2,000,andwhenoneispromotedtothepositionofabusinessexecutiveormanger,thesalaryisevenhigher;butacollegegraduatewithmasterdegreecanonlygetsalaryofRMB1,000permonthforhisteachingjob.Nowonder,collegegraduatesareattractedintomorelucrativefields. Sample1Thethemeofthisparagraphiswhysomanygraduateschoosetodobusiness.Thisparagraphusesthemethodofcontrasttoexplainthatbecauseofthewideningsalarygapsomanystudentspreferdoingbusinesstoteaching Sample2Theheartofanelectroniccomputerliesinitsvaccumtubesortransistors.Itselectroniccircuitsworkthousandtimesfasterthanthenicercellsinthehumanbrain.Aproblemthatmighttakeahumanbeingalongtimetosolvecanbesolvedbyacomputerinoneminute. Sample2Inthisparagraph,inordertoemphasisethespeedofcomputerisfast,theauthormakeacontrastbetweenhumanbrainandcomputer. Sample3Therewasaboyinlovewithapond,richinsunnyhoursandsummerdays.Sunandsummerarestillwhattheyalwayswere,buttheboyandthepondchanged.Theboy,whoisnowaman,nolongerfindmuchtimeforidledrifting.Thepondhasbeenannexedbyagreatcity.Theswampswhereheronsoncehuntedarenowdrainedandfilledwithhouses.Thebaywherewaterliliesquietlyfloatedisnowaharborformotorboats.Inshort,everythingthattheboylovednolongerexists----exceptintheman"smemoryofit.annex[‘aneks]并吞swamp[swamp]沼泽；湿地 Sample3Inthisparagraph,theauthorcontraststhesurroundingswhichthemanlivesinwiththatwherethemanlivedwhenhewasaboy.Ittalksaboutthepond,theswamps,thebay.Theparagraphdescribesthebeautifulscenerywhenthemanwasaboyandthecitywhichthemanlivesnowbyusingthemethodofcontrast,thisparagraphletsusseethechangeoftheboy"slivingsurroundings,andshowstheman"scherishingofhishappychildhoodlife. Justastherearedistinctdifferencesbetweenbeingasmallfishisabigpondandabigfishinasmallpond,soitiswithworkingasasubordinateinalargeenterpriseandpresidinginasmallfirm.Withtheformer,youcanderiveadeepsenseofsatisfactionfrombeingamemberofawell-knownorganization.Youhavetheopportunitiesoflearningfromexperiencedexecutivesandknowingaboutthestandardworkingprocess.Withthelatter,youhavegreaterresponsibilitiesandyourdecisionsmaybringimmediateeffect.Normallyyouareexposedtovariousexperiencesandexpectedtodoagreatmanythingwithoutmuchhelporguidance. Sample4Thisparagraphoutthedifferencebetweenbeingasmallfishinabigpondandabigfishinasmallpond.Eachtworeasonsaregiventoillustrateeachother`sbenefits.Usingthemethodofthecontrast,thisparagraphmakesusseethedifferencesimmediatelyandobviously. Therearetwowaysofpresentingsimilaritiesordissimilarities:Blockpresentation(subject-by-subjectpattern)Alternatingpresentation(thepoint-by-pointpattern) Youshouldconsiderdevelopingyourparagraphbycomparisonandcontrastwhenyouaredescribingtwoormorethings,whichhavesomething,butnoteverything,incommon.Youmaychoosetocompareeitherpointbypoint(Xisbig,Yislittle;XandYarebothpurple.)orsubjectbysubject(Xisbigandpurple;Yissmallandpurple.).Consider,forexample,thefollowingparagraph: Althoughtheinterpretationoftrafficsignalsmayseemhighlystandardized,closeobservationrevealsregionalvariationsacrossthiscountry,distinguishingtheEastCoastfromMidwestandtheWestCoastassurelyasdominantdialectsorpoliticalinclinations.InWashington,aflashingredtrafficlightinstructsdriverstocareenevenmorewildlythroughintersectionsheavilypopulatedwithpedestriansandoncomingvehicles.Instartlingcontrast,anamberlightinChicagowarnsdriverstoscreamtoahaltontheoffchancethattheremightbeapedestrianwithin500meterswhomightconsidercrossingatsomeunspecifiedtimewithinthecurrentday.InmyhometowninMontana,finally,trafficlights(alongwithpaintedlinesandpostedspeedlimits)donotapplytotractors,allterrainvehicles,orpickuptrucks,whichtogetheraccountformostvehiclesontheroad.Infact,wereanyobservantAmericandroppedfromanalienspacevesselatanunspecifiedintersectionanywhereinthisvastland,heorshecouldalmostcertainlyorienthim-or-herselfaccordingtothesurroundingtrafficpatterns. ThisparagraphcomparestrafficpatternsinthreeareasoftheUnitedStates.ItcontraststhebehaviorofdriversinWashington,D.C.,inChicagoandinMontana,inordertomakeapointabouthowattitudesinvariousplacesinformbehavior.Peopleintheseareashaveincommonthefactthattheyalldrive;incontrast,theydrivedifferentlyaccordingtotheareainwhichtheylive.Itisimportanttonotethattheparagraphaboveconsidersonlyoneaspectofdriving(behaviorattrafficlights).Ifyouwantedtoconsidertwoormoreaspects,youwouldprobablyneedmorethanoneparagraph. Thankyouforyourlisening!