新编英美概况---美国教育-英文PPT...ppt 23页

AmericanEducationGroup5 1.Introduction2.ElementaryandSecondaryEducation3.HigherEducation IntroductionTheUnitedStateshashadagreatrespectforeducationfromitsearliesttime.EvenbeforetheAmericanRevolution,severaloutstandingcollegeshadbeenfounded.Nowtheentirenationisdividedintothousandsofschooldistricts,eachprovidesafreeschoolingof12yearstoitsresidents. UndertheUSConstitution,thefederalgovernmenthasnopowertomakelawsinthefieldofeducation.Itisthestategovernmentthatisresponsibleforeducationwithinitsownterritory. Thefederalgovernmentcangivefinancialhelpbutnotordersineducation.Schoolsareprovidedandmanagedbylocalcommunityboardsofeducation,whosemembersareelected.Mostschoolsarerunontaxesbylocaldistrictsandstates IntheUnitedStateselementaryeducationbeginsattheageofsix.Insomeschoolsystems,elementaryschoolincludesgradesfromonetoeight. Thenextfouryearsarecalledhighschool.Inotherschoolsystems,therearethreedivisions:elementaryschool(gradesonetosix),juniorhighschool(gradesseventonine),andseniorhighschool(gradestentotwelve). Elementaryschoolsteachreading,arithmetic,andlanguageartssuchascreativewriting,spelling,andhandwriting.Socialstudies,science,music,art,andphysicaleducationarealsopartoftheprogram.ClassesareheldfivedaysaweekfromMondaytoFriday.Elementaryteachershaveoftenbeentrainedinschoolsofeducation,andmostofthemhavenormallycompletedtheuniversitydegree. Thestudentsgotohighschoolsautomaticallyafterfinishingtheirelementaryschooleducation.Thereisnoentranceexamination.Thehighschools,juniorandsenior,haveagoodreputationinthecountry.Theytaketheirresponsibilitiesveryseriously.Theyhaveguidancecounselorstowhomchildrencangoprivatelyiftheyhaveanyspecialproblems,especiallyabouttheircareers Averagetuitionforparochialschoolstudentswasabout$2,600,andfornondenominationalschoolstudentsatleast$5,000peryearinthemid-1990s.Theaverageteachersalaryinprivateschoolswas$27,300in2007-2008,afractionofthe$43,650earnedbypublicschoolsteachers.Andmaleteachersearnedsubstantiallymorethantheirfemalecounterpartsinbothpublicandprivateschools. Theaverageteachersalaryinprivateschoolswas$27,300in2007-2008,afractionofthe$43,650earnedbypublicschoolsteachers.Andmaleteachersearnedsubstantiallymorethantheirfemalecounterpartsinbothpublicandprivateschools. Foralongtime,theUShasledtheworldinhighereducation,quantitativelyatleast.Thetotalnumberoftheinstitutionofhighereducationisabout3,300.Thisfigurerepresentsoneinstitutionforevery78,000Americans.Slightlymorethanhalfofallinstitutionsofhighereducationareprivatelysupported,manyofthembyreligiousgroups.TherearefivecategoriesofinstitutionofhighereducationintheUnitedStates:Doctoral-levelinstitution,Comprehensiveinstitution,Generalbaccalaureateinstitution,Specializedinstitution,andTwo-yearinstitution. HarvardUniversityUniversity(College):Generalforafour-year(18yearsoldandabove),and"Institute"or"College",auniversitygraduatestudentsengagedinresearchandsetup.Americanuniversitiescurrentlyinplace-degree,associatedegree,master"sanddoctoratesystem,representingthetwomajorcategoriesofundergraduateandpostgraduateeducationfourdifferentacademicstandards.InadditiontheAmericanUniversityalsoawardedhonorarydegrees,whichdoesnotreflecttheacademicdegree,butforsocietytorecognizetheoutstandingcontributors. Two-yearcolleges,alsoknownasjuniorortechnicalcollege,mostofthepublic,mostlyorganizedbythelocalcommunities,itiscommonlyreferredtoascommunitycolleges.Afour-yearcolleges,thereareroughlytwocategories:onecategoryortheCollegeofArts,AcademyofSciences,theotherisindependentoftheAcademy.Thesetwotypesofcollegeeducationsystemisgenerallyfouryears.CollegeofArtsandculturalAcademyofSciencesawardedtograduatesofthemostcommonisthedegreeBachelorofArtsandBachelorofScience,theAcademyawardedtheprofessionaldegree.Comprehensiveuniversity,accesstotheseCollegestudy,oftenrequiresafour-yearuniversitydegrees,thesystemisusuallythreetofouryears,thehighcostofalongtime.Comprehensiveuniversityawardingbachelor,master"sanddoctoraldegrees3. 二年制的多为技术专科学校和社区学院，是连接高中和正规四年制大学的一个桥梁，主要培养美国社会需求的技能和专业知识，而且学费低廉。正规四年制的学校主要为文理学院、独立专业学院和综合性大学，代表着美国科研和教学最高水平，培养大批高层次的专业人才。这些院校除教学外，还承担着美国政府的大量高精尖的科研任务 SomeInformationofAmericanuniversity HarvardUniversity哈佛大学HarvardUniversityisaMassachusettsprivateresearchuniversity,asamemberoftheIvyLeagueschools.Initiallyin1636bythecolonialMassachusettslegislatureestablishedfiling.TheagencyinMarch13,1639ThanksforapastorJohnHarvarddonatedandnamedHarvardCollege,HarvardCollegewasrenamedin1780fromHarvardUniversity.Sofar,HarvardUniversity,isonewheretheworldenjoytopacademicstatusandprestige,wealthandinfluenceoftheeducationalinstitution,ispraisedastheU.S.governmentthinktank. 普林斯顿大学（PrincetonUniversity）PrincetonUniversityNewJersey,USA,isawell-knownAmericanprivateresearchuniversity,oneoftheeightIvyLeagueschools.Schoolin1746thetownwasfoundedinElizabeth,NewJersey,isanAmericancolonialinstitutionsofhighereducationestablishedbythefourthwasnamed"CollegeofNewJersey"in1747movedtoNewJersey,movedtoPrincetonin1756,andin1896formallyrenamedPrincetonUniversity YaleUniversity&ColumbiaUniversityYaleUniversityistheworld"soldestestablishmentofthehumanitiesandartsdisciplinesuniversities.Yalespecialemphasisonfreedomofthoughtandfreedomofacademicair.This"liberaleducation"principle,sothatYalecanaccommodateavarietyofschoolsofthoughtmaintainvitality.ColumbiaUniversity(ColumbiaUniversity)inNewYorkCity,Manhattan,in1754accordingtotheBritishKingGeorgeIIpromulgatedthe"KingoftheCharter"andestablishedtheIvyLeagueschoolsareprivate,undergraduatestudentsfromthethreehomesandthirteengraduateschoolscomposition.ColumbiaUniversityalumniandprofessorsinatotalof97peoplewontheNobelPrize,includingPresidentObama"sthreeU.S.presidentisagraduateoftheschool.Inaddition,theSchoolofMedicine,law,businessandjournalismschoolsareamongthebest,anditsSchoolofJournalismawardedthePulitzerPrizeisthehighesthonorinAmericanjournalism. （MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyMIT(MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,MIT)isacomprehensiveprivateuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.LocatedinBoston,Massachusetts,CharlesRiver(CharlesRiver)toBoston"sBackBay(BackBay)separated.Mascotisthebeaver(Beaver).MITbothintheUnitedStatesoraroundtheworldhaveaveryimportantinfluence,cultivateasignificantimpactontheworldofmanypeople,isaglobalpioneerinhigh-techandadvancedresearchleadinguniversities.MIT"snaturalandengineeringsciencesintheworld,enjoysanexcellentreputationforitsmanagement,economics,philosophy,politicalscience,linguisticsalsoexcellent.Sincetheacademicexcellence,althoughmembersofMITnotIvyLeagueschools,MITisalsooftenincludedintheIvyPlus麻省理工学院（MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology，MIT）是美国一所综合性私立大学。位于麻萨诸塞州的波士顿，查尔斯河（CharlesRiver）将其与波士顿的后湾区（BackBay）隔开。吉祥物是海狸(Beaver)。MIT无论是在美国还是全世界都有非常重要的影响力，培养了众多对世界产生重大影响的人士，是全球高科技和高等研究的先驱领导大学。麻省理工学院的自然及工程科学在世界上享有极佳的声誉，其管理学、经济学、哲学、政治学、语言学也同样优秀。由于在学术方面的卓越成就，虽然MIT不是常春藤盟校成员，MIT也常被纳入IvyPlus 加利福尼亚理工学院斯坦福大学芝加哥大学